A circuit board schematic diagram is a graphical representation that shows the electrical connections and functions of components in an electronic circuit. It visualizes the structure of a circuit board by using symbols, lines and labels to define components and interconnections without necessarily representing physical dimensions or layout.

Schematics serve as an important reference for designing, building and troubleshooting circuit boards. Here is an in-depth look at schematic diagrams and their role in printed circuit board (PCB) development.

Contents

• Overview of Circuit Board Schematics
• Purpose and Advantages
• Symbols Used in Schematics
  • Passive Components
  • Active Components
  • Integrated Circuits and Processors
  • Connectors and Electromechanical Parts
• Representing Connections
• Identifying Schematic Elements
• Example Circuit Board Schematics
• Steps to Create a Schematic Diagram
• Schematic Capture and CAD Software
• Verifying Schematic Correctness
• Transition from Schematics to Board Layout
• Role in PCB Design Flow
• Applications and Usage
• Schematic Diagram vs PCB Layout
• FAQs

Overview of Circuit Board Schematics

A circuit schematic or schematic diagram comprises symbols, lines and text to show the connectivity and functions of electronic components that are part of a circuit. It is a graphical blueprint that defines the logical connections and relationships between components, without regard to exact physical placement on a PCB.

Schematics provide a simple visualization of a circuit using standardized representations for components and interconnections. This abstraction from physical form enables focus on how components logically connect and interact in an electrical network. Schematics can describe systems ranging from simple analog circuits to complex digital systems.

Schematic example showing symbols, connections and labels

Engineers create schematic diagrams to conceptualize circuit designs before actual implementation as PCBs. By using schematics, circuits can be simulated, analyzed, troubleshooted and optimized effectively at the design stage itself.

Schematics provide the starting point for translating circuit principles into physical PCB designs. They allow communication of design intent in an easy pictorial form for use during development and documentation.

Purpose and Advantages

Circuit schematics serve various important purposes:

• Visualize the overall structure and electrical connectivity in a circuit.
• Clarify the logical interactions between components.
• Act as preliminary design blueprints prior to PCB layout.
• Enable simulation of circuit behavior and performance analysis.
• Allow functional verification through CAD tools.
• Provide troubleshooting reference during testing and debug.
• Facilitate design reviews and project discussion.
• Document finished designs for manufacturing and support.

Key advantages of using schematic diagrams for circuit design include:

• Simplicity in depicting connections without layout constraints.
• Clarity in presenting circuit functionality.
• Flexibility to experiment with different configurations.
• Ease of design reuse by modifying existing schematics.
• Support for simulation through SPICE models.
• Cost-effective functional validation before prototyping.
• Intuitive visualization of overall system structure.

Symbols Used in Schematics

Schematics employ standardized symbols to represent the different components in a circuit. These symbols are graphic primitives that schematic editors and CAD software tools easily understand. The symbols follow various industry standards prescribed by organizations like IEEE, ANSI, IEC, JEDEC and CSA.

Some common categories of schematic symbols are:

Passive Components

• Resistor – Zigzag line
• Capacitor – Parallel lines
• Inductor – Coiled loops
• Transformer – Adjacent inductors with dotted line
• Crystal/Resonator – Angled lines between terminals

Standard symbols for passive components

Active Components

• Diode – Triangle with line
• LED – Triangle with extra line
• Zener diode – Z-shaped line
• Transistor – Three terminal discrete shape
• Vacuum tube – Circle with external connections

Symbols for active components

Integrated Circuits and Processors

• IC – Rectangle with pins
• Gate – Flat shape with pins
• Analog IC – Rectangle with added triangle
• Microcontroller – Rectangle with labels
• CPU – Rectangle with extra lines

Representation of ICs and processors

Connectors and Electromechanical Parts

• USB port
• D-sub connector
• Headers
• Test points
• Fuses
• Buttons and switches
• Relays
• Buzzers
• Battery symbols

Connectors, switches and other electromechanical symbols

Standardized schematic symbols for hundreds of electronic components are compiled in datasheets and reference material. Consistently following the prescribed representations is important for clear communication of the circuit structure.

Representing Connections

Schematics use lines to depict direct connections between component terminals or nodes in a circuit. The lines indicate how current flows when components interact. Some representations of connections in schematics are:

• Simple wires – Solid lines
• Crossed wires – No connection when crossing
• Joined wires – Branching connections
• Bus lines – Thick lines for node groups

Examples of schematic connection styles

Key points:

• Lines follow horizontal and vertical paths between component symbols.
• Wires terminate precisely at component terminations.
• Line intersections don’t imply connections unless joined by a node.
• Labels and net names clarify complex connections.

Such pictorial connectivity allows tracing individual paths and loops to understand overall circuit continuity.

Identifying Schematic Elements

Along with symbols and lines representing circuit elements, additional items are included in a schematic diagram for identification and documentation:

Component Designators

Alphanumeric labels like R1, C5, U3 that uniquely identify each component on the schematic.

Component Values

Resistance, capacitance and other parameter values that define component characteristics.

Net Names

Names representing common node points and connections like VCC, OUT, CLK. Helps identify signals.

Annotations

Supporting text providing details like component ratings and performance specs.

Boxes and Shapes

Contain groups of components or visualize functional blocks.

Sheet Numbers

Used on multi-page schematics to identify each sheet.

Legends and Notes

Supply additional circuit description and operational information.

Such labeling makes schematics self-documenting about components and connections in the circuit.

Example Circuit Board Schematics

Here are some examples of typical circuit schematics:

1. Voltage Regulator

Simple linear voltage regulator using transistors, resistors and capacitors. Note the standard symbols and net names.

2. 555 Timer Circuit

Shows a 555 timer IC chip providing output waveform using resistors and capacitors.

3. Microcontroller System

This schematic represents a microcontroller, its program memory, communication interfaces and discrete peripherals.

4. Switching Power Supply

Shows continuous output DC voltage derived from AC mains using diodes, switching ICs, inductors, transformers etc.

These examples illustrate the wide applicability of schematics for visualizing electronic circuits across domains.

Steps to Create a Schematic Diagram

Here is a typical workflow to systematically develop a circuit schematic diagram:

1. Define Circuit Functionality – Study specifications and establish operating parameters.
2. Research Components – Select suitable ICs, transistors, passive parts etc. based on specs.
3. Create Component Symbols – Add required symbols to schematic component library.
4. Arrange Symbols – Position and orient components based on functional blocks.
5. Draw Connections – Connect component terminals as per electrical continuity.
6. Label Components – Add unique designators and values for identification.
7. Name Nets – Assign names to highlight power, ground, signals etc.
8. Add Supporting Text – Include annotations, boxes, legends as required.
9. Organize Sheets – Break up into logical sheets for multi-page designs.
10. Verify Circuits – Validate schematic for correctness through simulation.

Executing these steps effectively results in accurate schematics that can be used for PCB design and verification.

Schematic Capture and CAD Software

Circuit schematic diagrams are created using specialized CAD software tools called schematic capture or schematic entry programs. These tools provide a graphical interface to efficiently generate circuit schematics along with built-inchecking and analysis features.

Key capabilities include:

• Drag-and-drop placement of component symbols from libraries
• Drawing connectivity and buses between component pins
• Auto-generation of designators and net names
• Electrical rule checking (ERC) to detect errors
• Annotation and documentation
• Circuit simulation linked to SPICE models
• Libraries of manufacturer component models
• Reporting schematic statistics like net count
• Integration with PCB layout workflow

Popular schematic capture software options are:

• Altium Designer
• Cadence OrCAD
• Mentor Graphics Xpedition
• Autodesk Eagle
• KiCad
• CadSoft EAGLE
• Zuken CR-8000
• PTC Creo Schematics
• Labcenter Proteus

Such tools help automate much of the schematic creation process and reduce errors.

Verifying Schematic Correctness

It is critical to validate schematics thoroughly before proceeding with PCB layout and fabrication. Some ways to verify schematic correctness are:

Visual Inspection

Scan schematic sheets manually to check for:

• Missing connections between component pins
• Un-terminated wires and ports
• Unlabeled components and nets
• Wrong component symbols used
• Multiple components mapped to the same designator
• Unrealistic parameter values assigned

Electrical Rules Check (ERC)

Use the CAD tool’s built-in ERC feature to automatically detect common errors like:

• Unconnected pins
• Missing power or ground connections
• Conflicting output/input connections
• Invalid component combinations

ERC confirms electrical validity based on user-defined rules for voltages, bidirectional pins, fanout limits etc.

Circuit Simulation

Simulate schematic behavior using integrated SPICE simulation tools to verify:

• Logical correctness of connections
• Expected voltages at circuit nodes
• Proper functioning for given parameter values
• Power dissipation, signal integrity etc. within limits

Design Reviews

Conduct peer reviews of schematics to get fresh perspectives in spotting discrepancies missed otherwise.

Using such validation checks helps avoiding propagation of faults into the PCB layout stage.

Transition from Schematics to Board Layout

After completing the schematic design capture and verification process, the next step is translating the logical connectivity into physical PCB layout.

Schematic capture tools allow forward annotation of the schematic to PCB layout software, enabling automated transfer of:

• Component symbols and footprints
• Netlist connectivity matrix
• Design rules and constraints
• Component libraries and properties
• Net names and attributes

This preserves the schematic’s design intent while providing the starting point for board layout. Component placement and routing can proceed based on the transferred netlist.

Bi-directional ECO changes between schematic and PCB design stages maintain synchronization. The schematic keeps providing the source of truth for layout modifications. Maintaining schematic-board congruity throughout the development cycle ensures correct PCB implementation.

Role in PCB Design Flow

Schematic capture is an integral stage of the overall printed circuit board design flow:

Typical PCB design flow highlighting schematic creation stage

1. The process starts with the schematic entry phase where the logical electronic connections are established using CAD software.
2. The connectivity information is then passed on to PCB layout for physical implementation.
3. Feedback loops enable iterative improvements spanning schematic and layout cycles.
4. Final design validation confirms schematic-to-layout correspondence.

The schematic thus serves as the foundation for realizing the physical incarnation of the electronic circuit and guides each downstream step.

Keeping the schematic updated and synchronized is essential for PCB design success.

Applications and Usage

Circuit schematic diagrams find ubiquitous application across multiple domains including:

Electronics Research

Schematics are used in papers and technical articles to explain circuit principles and innovations. They concisely present new concepts, measurements and results.

Circuit Design

Engineers create schematics to model electronic systems under development, before implementing them as PCBs. It is the starting point for prototyping.

Education and Learning

Schematics are used extensively in text books, reference designs and tutorials to teach circuit theory and practical electronics.

Troubleshooting and Repair

Technicians rely on product schematics to trace faults and debug issues during system maintenance and service.

Documentation

Finished schematics document the structure and operation of completed products, systems and infrastructure deployments.

Manufacturing

Production testing, assembly, integration and sustenance engineering functions depend on always-available schematics for manufacturing support.

Compliance

Schematics need to be provided as part of technical documentation for regulatory standards compliance in domains like medical, automotive, industrial etc.

IP Protection

Patent applications for innovative circuit designs require detailed schematics as part of the disclosure documents.

For each application, schematics provide unique value through clear visualization of circuit theory, connections, structure and operation.

Schematic Diagram vs PCB Layout

While the schematic diagram and PCB layout represent the same electronic circuit, they do so from different perspectives:

Schematic Diagram	PCB Layout
Uses symbols and lines for connectivity	Uses component footprints and traces
Focuses on electrical functions	Focuses on physical implementation
Abstract representation	Geometrically accurate representation
Concerned with logics and signals	Concerned with placement and routing
Hierarchy based on circuit blocks	Hierarchy based on physical partitions
Emphasizes simplicity	Emphasizes manufacturability

The schematic depicts electronic theory and principles. The layout realizes the schematic connections as an engineered product. Both are essential – the schematic provides the conceptual model while the PCB layout enables practical realization of the same design.

FAQs

Q1. Why are schematic diagrams essential?

Schematics provide a simple, visual representation of complex circuits using standardized symbols. This enables understanding the theoretical connectivity and interactions in an electronic system. Schematics are vital for conceptualizing and communicating circuit designs.

Q2. How are schematics useful for troubleshooting?

When debugging issues with PCBs and circuits, schematics help trace and isolate faults by clearly showing all connections and hidden nets. Techs can cross-verify circuits against the schematic to pinpoint discrepancies.

Q3. What makes a good schematic diagram?

Characteristics of a good schematic include – clarity, simplicity, legibility, completeness in connectivity, minimal crossings, well-defined symbols, proper annotations, consistency in presentation. This enhances comprehension.

Q4. How can schematics be verified before PCB design?

Schematics can be checked through methods like visual inspection, electrical rules check, circuit simulation, peer reviews and design validation tests to confirm completeness and correctness before progressing to layout.

Q5. Why is synchronizing schematics and PCB layout important?

Maintaining congruity between the schematics and PCB layout throughout the design process ensures the physical board correctly implements the logical schematic connections. This synchronization is critical for design success.

Summary

Circuit schematic diagrams provide a fundamental representation of electronic systems by depicting component connectivity and interactions using standardized symbols. Developing schematics

Every smartphone owner has used Bluetooth at one point or the other. It helps to transfer files from one device to the other. Bu we can bet that only a few smartphone users have heard or used Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE).

This article aims to differences between the traditional Bluetooth and the BLE.

What is Bluetooth?

A Bluetooth is a short-range technology standard primarily used for the transmission and or exchange of data between fixed mobile devices and Personal Area Networks (PANs). Whether you are looking to transfer documents or such files; be sure that using a Bluetooth can ease the task.

What is BLE Bluetooth?

It stands for Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE). As the name suggests, it is primarily optimized for use with the low-energy applications. It also offers a similar short-term communication and enables data transfer between the smart devices.

How Does Bluetooth Work?

The classic or traditional Bluetooth connection requires two points – the master and the slave. Whereas the master denotes the sender or the device from whence data originates; the slave refers to the recipient. For example, if you are pairing a smartphone to a Bluetooth-enabled speaker, the phone is the master, while the speaker, which receives the signal, is the slave.

Classic Bluetooth typically establishes connection with the slave via enquiring, synchronizing to the access point and creating a channel with the discovered access point. The final processes include pairing the two smart devices with a Personal Identification Number (PIN) and using the network.

How Does Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) Work?

Also called Bluetooth Version 4.0, BLE uses both low-power sleep modes and lower power consumption for the operation.

It also uses a wide range of layers to establish communication and data exchange. Examples are:

• Link Layer (LL)
• Generic Access Profile (GAP)
• Generic Attribute Protocol (GAAT)

These varieties of protocols help to bolster the discovery of devices, as well as expediting connections between the same.

It is worth noting that the most important communication protocol is the Generic Access Profile (GAP) layer that helps to publicize the BLE devices. The protocol also aids mode of interaction between these devices.

The following are the different roles:

• The broadcaster serves as the server and aids the transmission of data to the clients – the other devices.
• The scanner or observer has the role of interpreting the data received from the broadcaster. It also acts on the data.
• There is the central, which supports the “connected” mode. Among many other things, it helps to connect the master to the slave, as well as transferring data back to the same.
• Finally, there is the peripheral, which does not only support the “connected” mode, but also accepts coming from the central, as well as making a periodic transmission of data back to the same.

Differences between BLE and Classic Bluetooth

Classic and BLE Bluetooth protocols are both managed by the Bluetooth Special Interest Group (SIG), which was formed in 1998.

The following are some of the clear differences between the two:

1.    Power Consumption is a Major Difference

The first difference you would pick out of classic and Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) is the extent of the power consumption.

While the classic Bluetooth has a low power consumption of about 30 mA or less; that of Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) is very low – typically, less than 15 mA.

Here are some of the differences, based on the battery consumption:

2.    Operational Capacity

The capacity at which the communication protocol transfers data is also a difference. For example, the classic Bluetooth is commonly used with the smart devices that require exchange of larger amounts of data, unlike the BLE that is relevant for devices requiring less of such.

3.    In-between State Capacity

The capacity of the protocol to be standby when needed also helps to define the power consumption. An in-between state is not always obtainable with the classic Bluetooth, due to the always on or off. This tends to consumer more battery when compared to the ability of the BLE to place itself in a sleep mode, pending when it is required to initiate a connection between smart devices.

4.    Latency Rates Differ between Classic Bluetooth & BLE

Latency rates are the timeframe, during which a signal is picked up and the connected device responds to the user input.

Naturally, one would expect that the faster transmission speed/rate of classic Bluetooth can influence the latency rate to be speedy, as well. On the contrary, classic Bluetooth protocol thrives on making a slower response to inputs, but a faster response to data transmission.

If you are looking for a higher latency rate, then using the Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) is the sure bet. It responds faster to inputs at the expense of slower data transmission rate.

5.    Data Transfer Rates: How Speedy is Data Transmission between Classic Bluetooth & BLE?

You might not be fully concerned about the lowered latency rate of a Bluetooth connection, because the major concentration is the speed of moving data from one smart device to the other. This brings us to the data transfer rates.

While the BLE has a lower data transfer rate; that of the classic Bluetooth is higher. For emphasis, the former can transfer data at the rate of 1 Megabyte per second (Mbps), while the latter has a data transfer rate of up to 2.1 Mbps.

6.    What is the Communication Range?

The communication range is as important as the data transfer rate. Why? If the range is limited, then, there is a chance that the estimated speed of transferring data might not be sustained.

Now, what is the Bluetooth Low Energy range? It has a shorter range, which is anywhere between 50 meters and 150 meters, when it is used in open field. The shorter-range communication protocol of the Bluetooth Low Energy makes it ideal for the following applications:

• Beacons
• Fitness trackers
• Smart home/IoT devices.
• Smartwatches
• Industrial monitoring
• Consumer health monitoring.

The goal is to use BLE to connect low-power applications, as well as devices that require a lower or shorter coverage area.

On the other hand, classic Bluetooth is ideal for applications that require more power, as well as higher coverage areas. The communication range is between 10 and 30 meters. The protocol can be counted on to foster connection between devices required for indoor and outdoor usages.

Other applications are:

• Internet hotspots
• Wireless printers
• Handsfree car calling devices and;
• Wireless speakers

7.    The Protocols & Functions Differ

Both classic Bluetooth and Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) use different protocols and for several reasons. The functions of these protocols also differ.

The protocols supported by BLE include:

• Generic Access Profile (GAP), used for discovering smart devices and connecting the same.
• Generic Attribute Profile (GATT), used for exchanging data.

On the other hand, the protocols supported by classic Bluetooth are:

• Audio/Video Remote Control Profile (AVRCP), used for remotely-controlling both video and audio devices.
• Advanced Audio Distribution Profile (A2DP), primarily used for streaming audio files.

8.    The Security Architecture is Different

Security is of the utmost importance, when transferring data over a Bluetooth connection, whether it is based on the classic Bluetooth or BLE protocols.

While the two use a similar security architecture, comprising authentication and encryption; the Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) offers improved security features. An example is the establishment of a secure connection between smart devices, via the usage of a secure key exchange protocol.

Advantages of Classic Bluetooth

When using this type of Bluetooth, you can be sure of the following benefits:

a.    Large File Transfer

Classic Bluetooth supports the transfer of larger amounts of data, including photos, videos, audio files and documents.

b.    Data Streaming

You can also use classic Bluetooth for streaming data, especially for streaming and playing audios over the connection.

Downsides to Classic Bluetooth

The traditional Bluetooth connection comes with a lot of flaws, including:

• Having a shorter emission range, which is between 10 and 15 meters.
• You will also expend a lot of batteries or energy in the process.

Benefits of Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE)

While the use of lesser battery cell is the main selling point, Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) does have other unique advantages, such as:

• Improved tracking capabilities
• Competitive acquisition costs
• Less power consumption
• Open access to the documentations
• Longer standby time
• A longer emission range, which could be up to 100s of meters.
• Higher autonomy for the supported devices.

Disadvantages to BLE

On the flipside, you may not entirely rely on the Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) due to these reasons:

• The connection is susceptible to impacts, especially by the human body and walls.
• Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) devices only cover a limited or smaller area.
• The connection is not always continuous.
• The data transfer rate is limited, usually under 2 Mbps.
• Finally, the BLE is often marred by the non-support for long-distance communications.

Conclusion

The differences between the classic Bluetooth and the Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) are energy consumption, the acquisition cost, the areas covered and the reliability of the connection.

While you can use classic Bluetooth to connect smart devices for longer distances, as well as transfer larger amounts of data; the BLE helps to keep the battery consumption lower, make the development and acquisition cost lower, as well as make the inventory more accurate.

To wrap it up, the future of Bluetooth connections is highly-dependent on cutting out the intermediaries and enabling faster data transfer to the cloud. This is where the likes of Near Field Communication (NFC) and Wi-Fi Direct play a huge role.

Inverters transform direct current (DC) to alternating currents (AC), hence, they are used in applications where it is impossible to get AC.  These electric devices serve as backups when there are power outages. Also, they can be used in supplying AC power to appliances. Inverter circuits have been found useful in some applications as they help generate high voltage by using batteries. This article offers well-detailed information on how to make inverter 12v to 220v.

How does an Inverter work?

An inverter cannot produce or store electricity; it can only convert direct current to alternating current. The alternating current is usually supplied to homes and industries that integrate public utility. Also, there are various applications of inverters which include solar power systems, uninterruptible power supplies (UPS), pumps, test stands, and more.

The function of an inverter is to regulate the frequency and voltage of the power and then change rotation speed of motors in industrial machines and home appliances.  An inverter converts DC power derived from a power usually 12V into AC power at 220V. This means the battery can be used to operate different electronic devices like computers, TVs, electric lights, and many more. The inverter will be connected to a battery and then the AC devices will be plugged in the inverter.

The inverter gets its power from a 12V battery or many batteries in parallel. Also, you will need to charge the battery as the inverter draws out the power. Running a car or a generator is a simple way to recharge your battery. Alternatively, you can recharge your battery by plugging a battery charger in an AC outlet.

How to Make Inverter 12V to 220V

An inverter circuit can easily convert DC power to AC power. There are two types of inverters which are modified inverters and True/pure sine wave inverters. The true/pure sine wave inverters are much more expensive compared to the modified inverters. Modified inverters generate square waves which can’t power delicate electronic devices. In this case, a voltage is generated from the inverter circuit with the use of power transistors and this transforms 12 DC signal to 220V AC.

The main purpose of inverter circuits is to use a particular DC to generate oscillations and use these oscillations across the main part of the transformer. Based on the amount of turns in secondary and primary coils, the primary voltage will be increased to a higher voltage.

Also, you can use simple transistors to make a 12V to 220V inverter. You will need two sheets of aluminum and heat sinks for this purpose. This inverter can power lamps that are about 35W and can as well drive more loads by using more MOSFETS.  A square wave inverter can work with devices that need no pure sine wave AC.

Types of Inverters

As it was earlier mentioned, there are two main types of inverters that serve consumer purposes. These are pure sine wave inverters and modified sine wave inverters.

Pure sine wave inverters

The output of a pure sine wave inverter has a pure wave form. These inverters are ideal for most electronic products since they are powered by mains. They are particularly ideal for motorized devices where pure sine wave power can increase the lifetime of a product. Pure wave inverters are better than modified sine wave inverters because they have low harmonic distortion and low electrical noise.

Modified sine wave inverters

These inverters are called modified sine waves because of their output. This output cycles through negative, positive, and ground voltage in order to supply the same output waveform as pure sine wave. Also, these inverters are cheaper since the output waveform requires no complicated system. However, harmonic distortion to audio equipment is likely to happen in modified sine wave inverters.

How to use Astable Multivibrator to Convert 12V DC to 220V AC

Inverter circuits can use transistors as switching devices in some applications. Power transistors are usually used for medium and low power applications since they feature low output impedance, which allow the flow of high current at the output.  Switching is one of the main uses of a transistor. The transistor is usually biased in saturation in this type of application.

The collector base junctions and the collector emitter are biased when the transistor becomes biased in the saturation region. Also, the collector current is high while the collector emitter voltage is low. The oscillator is a crucial part of the inverter circuit. The 555 timer IC serves as an astable multivibrator in this circuit.

An astable multivibrator generates an output signal that has the capability to switch between two states. The resistors and capacitors’ values will determine the frequency of the oscillation.

How to Connect the Inverter

A good number of small inverters have crocodile clips fixed to the negative and positive terminals of a battery. Large inverters with 500W and more should be hard-wired to a battery directly. Furthermore, the distance between the inverter and battery determines the cable size. There are specifications in the instruction manual of the inverter.

Inverters that use a single cable set have recommendations and this may not be applicable to all applications or inverters. Also, some inverters need two or more cable sets, hence, they need a different cable size. Different inverter brands have different recommendations for their cable sizes. It is important you check the instruction manual to know the recommendation for the brand you purchase.

It is advisable to always make use of the thickest wire when connecting an inverter to the battery. Marine batteries usually supply enough power supply within 30 to 60 minutes even in situations where the engine has gone off. The condition and age of the battery will determine the actual time it can go. 

Conclusion

There are many inverter circuits available online, but these circuits are so complicated. Hence, it is advisable to learn how to build low cost and highly efficient power inverters. A simple inverter integrates a few components to convert 12V DC to 220V AC.

One of the most commonly used diagrams in the electronics industry is the wiring diagram, which is also known as connection diagram. As the name implies, a connection diagram is simply a representation of the connections and layout of an electrical circuit.

Wiring diagrams are useful in many fields like engineering, building and auto repair, aircraft, and many more. You need a wiring diagram maker like EdrawMax and Smartdraw to create a functional wiring diagram. 

What is a Wiring Diagram?

A wiring diagram displays the interconnections and functions of electrical wires in a circuit and indicates where to connect components and fixtures in the circuit. For instance, this diagram shows the interconnection between aircraft wires, their locations in an electrical system, and the connections between the components.

Wiring diagrams help in manufacturing or designing circuits as well as making repairs. The main components of a circuit like signal connections and power source are often displayed on a wiring diagram. In engineering, the wiring diagram helps to visualize and explain how electronic devices are constructed. Also, professionals can easily determine if electronic devices are built properly by studying wiring diagrams.

Since they are very easy to draw and understand, anyone can have a clear understanding of the construction of devices and how to repair them. Asides from being useful to professionals, DIY enthusiasts can also make use of wiring diagrams in their electronics projects.

Why Use Wiring Diagrams

In electronic circuit manufacturing, wiring diagrams are of great use because of their benefits. Also, these diagrams create good interaction between electrical engineers who design circuits and use them. Since wiring diagrams are a pictorial representation of connections in a circuit, they reveal if an installation has been properly done while still verifying the safety regulators. 

For instance, a home builder can easily identify the location of electrical outlets and light fixtures in order to prevent costly defaults or causing any code violations.

Benefits of wiring diagrams include:

• They are very easy to evenly distribute
• Wiring diagrams give access to many wiring symbols and as such, it is easy to understand
• The design process is fast and enables conventional construction.
• Also, wiring diagrams are simple to understand and edit as regards different conditions
• It enables placement of symbols in the right place and this can be difficult to do by hand.

Types of Wiring Diagram

Primarily, there are three different types of wiring diagram. Almost everything associated with an electrical circuit is usually represented in a wiring diagram to ensure all interconnections are working as expected.

Schematic diagrams

Schematic diagrams offer general information about a circuit and as such, can’t help in repairing or examining a circuit. The symbols of a schematic diagram include horizontal and vertical lines which represent the functions of various equipment in a circuit. These lines display the flow of the system instead of a genuine representation.

Pictorial

A pictorial displays photos attached with labels or drawing of physical components in a circuit. Also, it is the least efficient out of all types of wiring diagrams as it doesn’t even show clearly. It takes someone that has a sound background in electrical wiring diagrams to clearly understand what a pictorial represents.

Wiring diagrams

Wiring diagrams are more helpful than pictorials or schematic diagrams as they represent physical interconnections in an electric circuit. These diagrams feature different symbols which indicate the location or placement of equipment within an entire circuit.

How to Draw a Wiring Diagram Using SmartDraw

It is important to know how to draw a wiring diagram and the guidelines that help you achieve success. There are a number of software that can help you draw or create a wiring diagram. Most of these pieces of software feature a wiring diagram template that you can customize to your own needs. SmartDraw has ready-made templates for drawing your own wiring diagram.

Also, SmartDraw features some special control handles which enables users to rotate or resize the electrical symbols. Select the Draw Line option on the drawing area’s left hand side. To change the thickness or color of the line, you can right click on a line. Select and drag a symbol on the line and it will fit into the right place.

There is an arrow close to a visible library that can help you bring up a menu and add symbols. With this, you can check for more symbols and open libraries. SmartDraw makes it easy to reveal or hide line hops with the on Set Line Hops button, all you just need is to click on it. If you want to know the size of your component and length of your wires, choose “Show Dimensions.”

How to Draw a Wiring Diagram with EdrawMax

EdrawMax is a reliable and efficient online tool for drawing wiring diagrams as it provides a wide range of features. It has a huge library of vast drawing tools and electrical symbols for both professionals and amateurs to work with. This software helps you draw your wiring diagram with ease and confidence. Wiring diagram displays wire connections in an electrical circuit by using symbols. EdrawMax includes several icons and symbols that represent different components in a circuit.

This online software offers some of the best features and many professional templates to create a functional wiring diagram. Also, this software allows users to customize and edit templates to draw a new diagram. There are a wide range of customization tools and libraries of symbols to draw a diagram successfully. Furthermore, EdrawMax makes it easy and quick to draw a wiring diagram for various applications.

Below are steps on how to draw a wiring diagram with EdrawMax;

• Visit the EdrawMax official website and sign up with your valid email id.
• Choose Basic Electrical and Electrical Engineering. Since creating a wiring diagram is an aspect of electrical engineering, choose electrical engineering from a side panel.
• You need to create a template by choosing the Basic Electrical icon which will bring you to the main interface of the wiring diagram.
• From the symbol library, you can select various wiring diagram symbols to draw the wiring diagram. These symbols include switches, transmission path, relays, and semiconductor devices among others.

What is the Difference between a Wiring Diagram and a Schematic Diagram?

Both wiring diagram and schematic diagram are visual representations of connections in circuits, but they serve different functions. A wiring diagram displays the physical components of a circuit through visual representation. Schematic diagrams, on the other hand, represent a circuit’s function without explaining the physical layout of the circuit.

A schematic doesn’t show the layout of wires in a circuit, but it reveals the plan for a circuit. Also, wiring diagrams reveal the connections of wires and their location in a particular device, as well as the links between the components. The main applications of wiring diagram include electrical circuit design and motor control installations. Schematics are commonly used in the electrical industry to design printed circuit boards and other electronic parts.

Furthermore, schematics are suitable for repairs and maintenance since they are simple to understand and create.

Standard Wiring Diagram Symbols

Symbols on wiring diagram usually look like an abstract of the real components they are representing. For instance, a resistor looks like squiggles that indicate a restriction of current while an antenna is represented in three small lines that branch off at its end.

Wiring diagrams have different symbols, various connections, and lines which need to be understood properly for easy interpretation. The basic elements in a wiring diagram are wire, logic gate, power supply, resistors, output devices, switches, etc. Below are some of the components in a wiring diagram.

Battery:  In a battery, several cells indicate electrical energy and these cells work on constant voltage.

Motor: This component is a transducer that transforms electrical energy into kinetic energy.

Resistor: In a timing circuit, resistors are often integrated alongside a capacitor to ensure good performance.

Switch: In a wiring diagram, a switch has many sub-symbols like 2-way switch, DPDT switch, push-to-break switch, DPST switch, and more.

Logic gate: This is a progress signal that indicates True or False and as well comprises sub-symbols like NOR, AND, NAND, OR, and NOT.

Inductor: This component has an inductance and also includes many symbols like mutual inductor, position transmitter, and half inductor.

Semiconductor: Semiconductor symbols usually indicate components like Diode, Triac, MOSFET, Controlled switch, and Diac.

Speaker: This is a digital input that is transformed into analog sound waves. Furthermore, it is one of the most important parts of various products such as TVs and telephones.

Conclusion

Wiring diagrams are commonly used in a vast number of fields like engineering and home building. This pictorial representation of how wires are interconnected is crucial in building electrical circuits. Asides from helping engineers to understand the connection between wires, it also helps in identifying the location of various components in a circuit. The right software such as EdrawMax and Smartdraw make it easy to draw a wiring diagram as they offer templates and a huge array of features.

Introduction

Surface mount LEDs are widely used in all types of lighting, display, automation and electronics products. SMD (surface mount device) LEDs offer compact size, ease of PCB assembly and design flexibility.

There are several common form factors used for SMD LEDs identified by 4 digit or 5 digit alphanumeric codes like 2835, 3528, 5050 etc. These codes precisely define the package dimensions.

This article provides an overview of popular SMD LED package types, their dimensions, characteristics, applications and differences to help designers choose the optimal option.

SMD LED Codes

SMD LEDs have a 4 digit or 5 digit code where:

• First 2 digits denote length in hundredths of an inch
• Middle 2 digits denote width in hundredths of an inch
• Last digit (or 2 digits) denotes height in hundredths of an inch

For example:

• 3528 LED is 3.5mm x 2.8mm size
• 5050 LED is 5.0mm x 5.0mm
• 2835 LED is 2.8mm x 3.5mm

So the codes precisely identify the LED chip dimensions. Let’s look at some common types in more detail:

2835 SMD LEDs

With a size of just 2.8mm x 3.5mm, 2835 LEDs are very compact surface mount devices suitable when a small LED is needed.

Key features:

• Physical size: 2.8mm x 3.5mm
• Very low profile package – ideal for constrained spaces
• Can deliver up to 140+ lumens from 1W chips
• Beam angle: 120-130 degrees
• Simple to mount via surface soldering
• Low thermal resistance for good heat dissipation
• Widely available from multiple suppliers

2835 LEDs are extensively used in display backlighting, signage, accent and task lighting, decorative lighting, automotive interiors and other applications where high density miniature lighting is required. The small and thin form factor allows easy integration even in tight spaces.

Higher light output versions with efficient 1W or 2W chips make 2835 LEDs suitable for a broad range of small form factor luminaires demanding high brightness in a small package.

3528 SMD LEDs

<img src=”https://drive.google.com/uc?export=view&id=1CJwjDruifeGGR6cx1597a9AVynRTYWJW” alt=”3528 LED” style=”width:200px;height:200px;”>

The 3528 LED package has almost identical dimensions as the 2835, with only a change in orientation from 2.8×3.5mm to 3.5×2.8mm. This gives it a slightly longer/narrower footprint.

Key parameters:

• Physical size: 3.5mm x 2.8mm
• Ultra-thin profile – 0.6mm to 0.9mm
• Up to 240 lumens from a 3W chip
• Beam angle: 110 to 130 degrees
• Simple surface mounting via pads
• Low thermal resistance
• Readily available and cost-effective

With their compact dimensions and ability to deliver high lumens from mid-power chips, 3528 LEDs are well suited for small footprint lighting applications where high density and brightness is important – backlighting, small accent lights, signage, decorative lighting, automotive interior lighting etc. The slightly longer package can be beneficial where more space is available in one orientation. 3528 provides a higher lumen alternative to 2835 for small lighting needs.

5050 SMD LEDs

With a 5.0mm x 5.0mm square footprint, 5050 LED packages provide a higher power lighting solution in a small SMD form factor.

Key features:

• Physical size: 5.0mm x 5.0mm
• Low profile body below 2mm
• Can support up to 400 lumens from a 5W chip
• Typical viewing angle between 115° to 130°
• Easy to solder pads for surface mounting
• Thermal pad on base sinks heat to PCB
• Cost effective price point

The compact square shape and moderately high power capacity make the 5050 LED package popular for applications like small downlights, directional and task lighting, architectural lighting, backlighting, automotive interior lighting etc. where the 5mm x 5mm footprint can be easily accommodated. The lower cost also makes 5050 LEDs popular in cost-sensitive but high volume applications.

For small form factor directional lighting needs, 5050 SMD LEDs deliver substantial lumen output while remaining highly integrable due to their tiny surface mount package.

4014 SMD LEDs

With a 4.0mm x 1.4mm rectangular size, the 4014 LED package is even smaller than 2835/3528 LEDs.

Typical characteristics:

• Ultra compact 4.0 x 1.4 mm footprint
• Thickness under 1mm allows integration in tight spaces
• Up to 100 lumens from 1W LED chip
• Beam angle between 120 to 140 degrees
• Simple surface mount assembly
• Requires minimal PCB space
• Lower cost

The tiny 4014 LED package excels in space constrained applications where minimum PCB area is available for lighting. Best suited for low power decorative lighting, backlighting in miniature displays, front panel indicators etc. The thin rectangle design allows packing into narrow elongated spaces.

4014 LEDs deliver lower light output than 2835 or 3528 High brightness is not possible due to the tiny 4×1.4mm size. But the highly miniaturized package enables lighting integration in extremely compact products.

5630 SMD LEDs

Similar to 5050 LEDs, the 5630 LED package has a wider 5.6mm x 3.0mm rectangular footprint:

Key attributes:

• Rectangular size of 5.6mm x 3.0mm
• Component height under 1.9mm
• Capable of 550+ lumens from a 5W chip
• Beam angle between 110° to 130°
• Thermal pad assists heat dissipation
• Easy surface mount soldering
• Utilizes mid-power to high-power LED chips
• Lower cost than 5050 package

With the capability to deliver very high lumen density from the larger mid-power to high-power chips, 5630 LED packages are ideal for small high brightness lighting applications like downlights, spotlights and track lighting where the wider 5.6mm width can be accommodated. The smaller 3mm height assists integration in constrained height products.

7070 SMD LEDs

With a compact 7.0mm x 7.0mm square shape, 7070 LED package offers enhanced brightness vs 5050 LEDs:

Typical features:

• 7.0mm x 7.0mm size
• Just 1mm profile
• Up to 1000 lumens from a 10W LED chip
• Beam angle between 115° to 140°
• Simple surface soldering
• Thermal pad for heat conduction
• Utilizes higher power LED chips
• Higher lumens than 5050 package

The 7070 LED leverages advanced mid-power to high-power LED chips in the 7x7mm footprint to deliver very high lumen density with easy integration – making it ideal for applications like compact downlights, reading lamps, accent lighting, architectural lighting etc. where high brightness in small footprint is needed.

The 1000+ lumen output rivals that of much larger COB LEDs while retaining the design flexibility of the tiny SMD package.

5730 vs 8050 vs 9050 SMD LEDs

There are several other less common similar large SMD LED package types with minor size variations:

5730 – Rectangular 5.7mm x 3.0mm

8050 – Square 8.0mm x 8.0mm

9050 – 9.0mm x 9.0mm square

These all have similar characteristics as the 5630 and 7070 SMD LEDs – able to deliver very high lumens from >10W LED chips due to the larger surface area.

So they are also well suited for high density high power lighting applications where their particular size can be most easily integrated into the product design.

Comparing Key SMD LED Types

Comparison of popular SMD LED packages:

Package	Size (mm)	Chip Power	Lumen Output	Key Applications
2835	2.8 x 3.5	1W	100-140 lm	Display backlights, Miniature lights
3528	3.5 x 2.8	1-3W	100-240 lm	Signage, Mini lights
5050	5.0 x 5.0	3-5W	240-400 lm	Accent lights, Task lights
5630	5.6 x 3.0	5-10W	550+ lm	Directional lighting
4014	4.0 x 1.4	0.2-1W	60-100 lm	Decorative, indicators
7070	7.0 x 7.0	10W	1000+ lm	High power downlights

This covers the most popular SMD LED package types commonly available. There are also less common larger packages like 1210 (12mm x 10mm) which can drive 1.5A or higher currents.

COB vs SMD LEDs

COB or chip-on-board LEDs combine multiple bare LED chips directly mounted on a PCB substrate within a LED package. The main differences between COB LEDs and SMD LEDs are:

SMD LEDs

• Contains a single LED chip in compact form factor
• Widely available in standard package sizes
• Allows design flexibility
• Lower cost per lumen

COB LEDs

• Combines multiple LED chips for very high lumens
• Custom rectangular size and lumen rating
• Simpler optics design
• Higher luminous efficacy

For most common lighting applications, SMD LEDs deliver the best balance of flexibility, density and cost effectiveness. COB LEDs are more suitable where very high lumen density is absolutely necessary.

Conclusion

Understanding the standard SMD LED package types, dimensions, characteristics and typical applications allows designers to select the optimal option. SMD LEDs deliver excellent design flexibility, ease of integration and thermal performance in lighting products.

With high brightness mid-power to high-power SMD LED packages now available from reputable suppliers at continually reducing price points, lighting manufacturers can leverage SMD LED technology build compact, efficient, cost-effective and reliable luminaires.

FAQs

How is the viewing angle of SMD LEDs controlled?

The LED chip encapsulant lens design primarily determines the viewing angle. LEDs with different angle options allow designers to choose the beam width needed.

Why are SMD LEDs preferred over through-hole LEDs?

Easier automated assembly, improved heat sinking, lower profile and aesthetic appearance makes SMD LED packages overwhelmingly popular now.

What is the typical lifetime of mid-power LED SMDs?

When used within specifications, mid-power SMD LED chips achieve 50,000 hours of lifetime with 70% lumen retention making them suitable for most applications.

How does lower thermal resistance help SMD LED performance?

Lower thermal resistance allows the LED package to dissipate heat better. This reduces the chip junction temperature and improves luminosity, efficacy and lifespan.

What is the difference between top view and side view SMD LEDs?

Side view SMD LEDs emit light laterally and are used when lighting edge-mounted acrylics and light guides. Top view SMDs emit upward and are used in most standard lighting.

Pin through hole or PTH is used in defining the processes through which the legs or leads of an electronic component is inserted via some designated holes which are inside the PCB and then soldered using some soldering techniques. The process is called conventional assembly.

Furthermore, the formed solder joint is extremely strong as this component is usually soldered via the printed circuit board in contrast to the SMT component soldered onto the CB surface only. The technology has been used in manufacturing products whereby space isn’t an issue. For example, in early computers, TV manufacturing, etc, it was necessary for strong interconnections to happen between the circuit boards.

What Does Solder Mean?

Before you learn soldering, it is advisable to learn about solder, understand its history, as well as the terminology used when discussing it. As a word, solder is useful in two main ways. The noun form, Solder, describes the alloy (which is a substance made up of at least two metals) which typically comes as a thin, long wire in tubes or spools. The verb form, solder is the act of joining two metal pieces together in a solder joint. Therefore, we solder using solder!

The skill of soldering is a very important skill required when venturing into the electronics world. Both of them work hand in hand. Although you can learn about electronics and build them without having to pick a soldering iron, soon, you’ll discover that there is a new world created with this skill.

Lead-free vs Leaded Solder

One important thing to take note when referring to solder is, traditionally, the main constituent of solder is lead, tin, and some trace metals. The solder is referred to as leaded solder. Humans have now learnt that lead is harmful and could lead to poisoning if exposed to huge amounts. Sadly, lead is an important metal, and is the best metal when it comes to soldering. This is because its melting point is low and it can create the best solder joints.

Knowing fully well the negative consequences of leaded soldering, some individuals and nations took the decision that leaded solder wasn’t to be used anymore. The EU, in 2006, adopted the RoHS directive. This directive restricted the utilization of leaded solder in electrical and electronics equipment. With this, the utilization of any lead-free solder was now the electronics manufacturing norm.

The lead-free and leaded solder is very similar. The only difference is seen in its name; the lead-free type has no lead in it. Rather it is composed of tin and trace metals such as copper and silver. Normally, the solder is marked with a RoHS symbol. This notifies potential buyers that it conforms and works in line with the standard.

Best Practices of the PTH Soldering

Pre-Soldering

You will become better at soldering with repetition. The best place to begin is through-hole soldering because the holes and leads of the components are larger compared to that of the surface mounts and you can work with it easily.

First, you need to equip yourself with great soldering materials and tools. Your soldering iron has to be comfortable and easily maneuvered. Also, make use of solder designed for printed circuit boards. The rosin core solders are the best when making sure that applied flux is very consistent with your solder.

Also, make sure that the surfaces of the metal you are soldering are clean and contaminants-free. Majority of these usually clear off easily, but some might need industry-approved cleaners to be removed. Once done with all these, you can begin the soldering process.

PTH Soldering Process

• Begin with the melting of some solder at the soldering iron tip. The step would help in conducting the needed heat.
• With the insertion of the component leads via the board’s hole, hole the tip of the iron well against the hole and the lead.
• For some seconds, ensure the iron is kept in place to thoroughly heat the hole and component leads thoroughly; however, be careful so the board doesn’t get burned because you have waited too long
• Next, feed some of the solder onto the iron tip and heated surfaces until much of the solder is added to create great joints. The solder has to fill up the hole, thereby creating a filet round the lead.
• Immediately after melting the solder, take out the iron and then let this joint cool down for some seconds. Now, it is very important that you don’t stress this connection till it is properly cooled. This is to make sure that great solder joints have been formed.

The best way you can learn PTH soldering is by desoldering. There are reasons why you have to desolder: salvage, upgrade, repair, etc.  If you are not sure if your newly-created solder joints are making electrical connections, then you may use multimeters to carry out a continuity test.

These guides above will go a long way in creating a great connection. However, good soldering will also depend on the placement of these parts.

What are the Issues Usually Encountered During PTH Soldering?

Generally, through hole components are larger compared to the SMD components. However, this doesn’t indicate that PTH soldering is something easy to handle. There may be some issues and obstacles during PTH soldering, this depend on the individual’s skill as well as the manner in which the design of the PCB was handled.

Finding it difficult to place the PTH components on the footprint is strange. This only indicates that the pad’s hole created is too small. Also, when the hole is too large, this will make the component loose whenever you are slotting it in. This type of situation will happen whenever the components are generic parts and where the person isn’t guided on the footprint dimension recommended.

Also, you might face issues during the soldering of the pin to the pad. When the annular rings are extremely narrow, you’ll discover that this solder faces some issues with holding to the pad. Also, excessive heating might tear the pad off from the base of the PCB.

However, this isn’t the end of the horror issues with respect to PTH soldering. Ground pins are known to dry or crack the solder joint. This is because the connection of the pad is done to the ground plane. Also, the heat quickly dissipates before the formation of the solder joint.

One reliable way of overcoming possible challenges with PTH soldering as well as hole desoldering is by learning of the possible pitfalls that could happen with both processes.

Optimizing the PCB Design for the PTH Soldering Process

Though it is true machines are now handling the soldering processes of most components, there are some of these components that are soldered manually. This holds true when the printed circuit board houses the SMD components on the two layers.

Whatever way, this practice is great for optimizing the PCB design to achieve through hole soldering. To begin, make sure that the annular ring and hole size are adequate for inserting the physical pin and soldering it. Work with the dimension that has been recommended by a component manufacturer.

During the application of the ground plane on the through hole components, make sure the provision for the thermal reliefs are set up. With thermal reliefs, the ground plane would be prevented from connecting onto the pad in the full circumference. Rather it connects onto the pad with about 2 to 4 thin copper traces. With this, heat is prevented from dissipating very quickly as well as creating joint problems.

In order to maximize efficiency, attempt to place all the SMD components on one side of your through hole components. When you do this, it will allow these components to be soldered with a machine rather than having to undergo a more expensive process of labor soldering.

PTH Soldering Tools

Below are some of the tools used for PTH Soldering

Soldering Irons

Soldering entails so many tools. However, none of them are as important as the soldering iron. No matter the case, you will need an iron at least and some solder for accomplishing the task. Furthermore, soldering irons appear in different form factors which range between simple and complex. However, they usually function at the same time.

Solder Vacuum

This is also called the solder sucker. This tool is great for taking out solder that is left in the through holes during the desoldering of components.

Solder Wick

The solder wick functions as the soldering pencil’s eraser. Whenever you are dealing with problems like jumpers or removing parts also called desoldering, this solder wick is usually very useful and important. Solder wick, also called desoldering braid, is made up of a thin copper wire that is braided together.

Flux

Flux can be described as a form of chemical agent, which aids in lead-free solder flow. The flux pens permit the dabbing of stubborn components with a liquid flux in creating solder joints that are better looking. This is necessary for the cleaning and removal of any water soluble flux remaining on your board.

Conclusion

We hope you understand the processes involved in PTH soldering. If you have issues understanding any of the information above, please reach out to us.

The technique for high temperature heat sink tubing encases or covers wires or cables to seal the environment. Also, you may refer to it as the heat shrink sleeves. The procedure for heat shrinking isn’t as complex as so many people think. Here, you will need to have one, insert your wire and then heat this sleeve to prepare them for insulation. In addition, there are different shrinks inside the marketplace.

In this article, we will be discussing the use of heat shrinks, as well as the factors you need to consider during the heating, as well as the types available.

What Does Heat Shrink Tubing Mean?

This can be described as a rubber sleeve which shrinks its size whenever it comes in contact with heat most especially heat shrink temperature of about 200 degrees Fahrenheit or 90 degrees Celsius. Immediately it shrinks, it remains shrunk in a bid to seal what it is covering permanently.

Why the Use of High Temperature Heat Shrink Tubing is Important

Heat shrink tubing features some benefits. Let’s consider them

• Wire protection is adequate against abrasion, low impacts, as well as other hazards
• Electrical and thermal insulation
• Creates a form of defensive mechanism against water, acids, dust, oil, water, as well as other contaminants
• Cables are bundled in complex networks to make sure that they are properly organized
• Helps in creating greater strength in preventing strain on cables and wires
• Creates an appealing appearance and smooth texture

Choosing the Right Heat Shrink

Ratio of shrinkage

This describes the ration between the supplied inner diameter and the inner diameter recovered. For instance, a 4:1 percentage indicates that this Tube could shrink into 25% of its initial size.

The shrink size having a high shrinkable ration could be highly effective in some objects like connectors. This could enclose the body of the connector and then shrink intro smaller diameters such as a wire.

Choosing the Internal Diameter

To choose the right internal diameter, you need to consider the object’s maximum and minimum diameter. We advise that you work with an inner diameter that falls between an allowance of 20% – 30%. This allows enough space so as to allow the merging of the shrink with the thing.

There are two major things you need to consider here

• Recovered inner diameter: This is a small diameter that is obtained after heating the shrink
• Supplied inner diameter: This is a nominal diameter even before you heat the shrink

The Tube’s thickness

The shrink tube’s length might reduce whenever you apply heat to it. This is why you have to make sure that it permits around 5% – 7% when heating it.

What are the Required Heat Shrink Tube Temperature and Materials?

Polyolefin can be described as the material most commonly used for any heat shrinking tube. This polyolefin is an extremely durable material having high temp heat shrink threshold that are useful in applications, which have a high heat shrink temperature for operation such as in industrial, mechanical, and manufacturing settings. Industries which usually make use of polyolefin are railway, aerospace, electronics and military.

Polyolefin material comes with different benefits. These include

• High flexibility
• Quick shrinking
• Great durability

This heat shrink tube temperature of about 100 Degrees Celsius, but could withstand about 135 degrees Celsius

PVC

The shrinks are made up of Polyvinyl chloride. It can withstand about 105 degrees Celsius. The shrink is about 10% – 50 percent less expensive compared to Polyolefin shrink and comes in different colors. Asides from this, they feature a better abrasion strength and resistance.

Heat Shrinks that are Adhesive Lined

These heat shrinks feature two layers. These include the inner adhesive and outer polyolefin layers. Immediately they are heated, the inner layer melts then flows, therefore fling up the void and then creating an environmental seal

Heat Shrink PTFE Tubing

The tubing is great if you wish to have a strong protection against any high temp heat shrink (reaching 260 degrees Celsius) and any chemical resistance. This usually comes expanded and then shrinks immediately heat is applied, therefore creating a shield that is impenetrable.

FEP Heat Shrink Tube

The shrink tubes are made up of fluorinated ethylene propylene. This is very durable and has what it takes to withstand any high stretching. Furthermore, the heat shrink temperature of the tube is about 180 degrees Celsius; however it has the ability to withstand very consistent temperatures within 200 degrees Celsius and 205 degrees Celsius.

PVDF Heat Shrink Tube

This type of heat shrink tube is well known due to their great resistance to abrasion, cold flow, as well as impact. It is transparent, and the minimum heat shrink tube temperature it has is 175 degrees Celsius.

Elastomeric Heat Shrink Tube

The heat shrink tube is made up of elastomers. This is a group of polymers having both viscosity and elasticity (elastoviscosity). This material has what it takes to withstand high heat shrink tube temperature of around 150 degrees Celsius, and has a shrink ratio of 2:1.

Viton Heat Shrink Tubing

This Viton is included among the fluoropolymer class, which are resistant to possible chemical erosion. Asides from this, it has the ability to withstand 2000 degrees Celsius temperature with a shrink ratio average of 2:1.

Silicone Heat Shrink Tubing

The shrink tube has what it takes to stand against harsh heat conditions of around 175 degrees Celsius. It is also water-resistant and features an average shrink ratio of 4:1.

Will the Hair Dryer shrink the Heat Shrink Tubing?

It is possible. We have worked with blow/hair dryers for shrinking the heat shrink and it yielded mixed results. At times, this heat shrink will not shrink effectively as it should or the blow dryer would just take a longer time to get this heat shrink completely shrink.

Majority of hair dryers do not achieve this temperature. Like we mentioned earlier, majority would shrink at about 200 degrees Fahrenheit. On the other hand, the blow/hair dryers range between 80 degrees and 140 degrees Fahrenheit. When you have a blow/hair dryer that can reach higher temperatures, then it may work on heat shrinks. However, this may take a longer time to shrink down compared to when using the heat gun, blow torch, or lighter.

From your imagination, these results could vary. This depends on your blow/hair dryer’s temperature as well as the heat shrink tubing type that you want to shrink. Several heat shrinks would shrink at varying temperatures and when your blow/hair dryer doesn’t attain that heat shrink tube temperature then you can never be sure that this would work.

What are the Differences Between the Cold Shrink vs Heat Shrink?

From the name, heat shrinks needs heat so as to be installed or shrink. This cold shrink doesn’t need any heat when installing it. This is one reason why cold shrink is referred to as “cold shrink” this is because it needs no heat.

Furthermore, beyond this method of installation, there are many other differences found between the cold shrink and heat shrink. Each has its own benefits and pitfalls. Here’s the short answer. Cold shrinks are better when using for outdoor purposes because its weather proofing abilities are better.

This doesn’t mean that you cannot make use of heat shrink when outdoors. There are UV resistant types of heat shrinks that form an important example of a heat shrink that you can utilize outdoors. However, majority of this cold shrink would outperform the heat shrink when in outdoor cases where weather has become a concern.

Related Questions

Can electrical tape be used rather than a heat shrink tube?

Yes, for several cases. Moreover, this heat shrink tube is very durable and much safer compared to electrical tapes. Therefore, you should do inspections regularly to make sure that electrical tapes are functioning properly.

How can I use the heat shrink tubing without the hot air gun?

In cases where there is no hot air gun for your heat sink, a reliable substitute is the blow dryer or lighter. This functions in a similar way. Therefore, you will have no issues when making use of it.

The process of installation is the same. The heat shrink should be rotated as the heat must be placed right close to it. This ensures that the heat isn’t held in a spot for long because it could bur through this heat shrink. Now, this becomes much more important when making use of a blow torch or lighter. You have to be extremely careful when using a blow torch or lighter to ensure the cable isn’t damaged.

Final Thoughts

In summary, a heat shrink tube is important if you wish to have great protection for cables and wires. Moreover, make sure you double-check its main features before you decide to buy one. Asides from this, there are different heat shrink tunes that you should consider. If you need more explanation on any of the aspects that we have covered, please reach out to us immediately. We are always happy to be of help.

The purpose of a plastic leaded chip carrier is to create a special SMD circuit that helps with the seamless mounting of ICs on different PCBs. With the help of PLCCs, we can easily perform soldering on these PCBs and in the sockets as well.

There is no doubt that with the help of these carriers, we are able to reuse the same ICs during the purpose. Once we are able to achieve a stable design, we can easily aim for soldering the PLCC on the board.

The leads in this process are also easy to identify because these are present in a J shape on the board. So brace yourself and get ready to explore PLCCs and LCCs with us because we are going to differentiate between them in detail through this post!

What are PLCC Packages? 

PLCC means Plastic Leaded Chip Carrier, which consists of four sides and forms a visible J shape. We mostly rely on green-colored materials to develop PLCCs. It is a special component that serves to solder and mount the components on PCBs.

Due to this reason; the carrier works well with the ICs and proves to be effective for soldering and mounting at the same time. There are two common PLCC patterns which are common to use. One is rectangular, while the other is a square pattern. These PLCCs have been in use for many years. Many producers are now relying on these PLCCs to meet the needs of their clients successfully.

These PLCCs appear to be identical; however, the factor of heat dissipation distinguishes them from each other. There is no doubt that PLCCs are budget-friendly. It means these are also easier to produce on a commercial scale. We can easily replace high-end ceramic carriers with PLCCs easily without disturbing our budget at all.

The J shape of PLCCs is also important to consider, which is responsible for feasible mourning and soldering inside different sockets. There are also wing-shaped carriers present, but still, these cannot compare to the J-shaped PLCCs at all. Such PLCCs are also easy to restore in case the socket gets damaged. 

What is an LCC package? 

The importance of chip carriers in the field of electronics cannot be ignored. Due to this reason, these prove to be crucial for simple and complex PCBs.

These are available in different shapes and sizes to choose from. It is also important to determine the type of PLCC we need to use for our application. Some PLCCs are of gull-winged shape while others are J shaped. Each shape has an important role to play in the entire performance of the PCBs.

PLCCs are always leaded, and those which are non-leaded are LCCs which means leadless chip carriers. These are basically plastic chip carriers and are highly different from PLCCs. LCCs are also easy to recognize because of their ceramic base and special padding in different areas of the package.

The pins of LCCs are of ceramic and metals as well. It means you can easily choose from different types of LCCs without compromising your budget at all. 

Benefits of the PLCC Package 

There is no doubt that the properties of PLCCs make them highly important in the electronics domain. Due to this reason, all the credit goes to their features and excellent properties.

Therefore, the features of PLCCs set them apart from other types of chip carriers present. In this section, we will take a look at some of the major benefits of PLCCs component packages to better understand these special chip carriers.

1.    The ‘J’ shape 

The best part about PLCCs is their special J shape. Due to this reason, PLCCs provide the producers with several benefits on the whole. This unique shape of PLCCs is useful to save up space and aim for miniaturization within the PCBs. Regardless of the different types of chip carriers available, J-shaped carriers are more likely to be efficient for fine performance.

Taking a quad flat package that comes with gull-winged leads creates problems in the mounting. It folds outside, while PLCCs always fold inside, which is not troublesome at all. In all this, if the PLCCs get compromised, then it is easy to restore them without damaging them further. Replacing the damaged PLCC with a new one is also easier in this case. 

2.    Connecting a PLCC

The attachment of a PLCC is also crucial to consider. We can also rely on former soldering methods for this purpose. With this, we can mount the PLCC to the socket easily. If your PLCC has a PLD chip or a programmable chip in it, you need to analyze it before attaching it to the setup.

When we do this, we make sure that the chip has no errors in it at all. If there are errors, we can easily fix them before proceeding with the process further. It is important to know that if you are using a programmable chip, then it is important to program it before mounting it on the PCB. Or else you cannot program it later after the attachment. 

3.    Delivers safety to the chip

One important aspect to note is that these chips are useful in terms of safety and protection. These are also easier to ensure stability within the carrier as well. There is no need to struggle with the attachment of PLCC with the socket at all.

The shape and overall nature of PLCC are important to consider for extra feasibility and stability as well. It means the biggest benefit of working with PLCCs is that these do not damage the surrounding parts at all. 

4.    Cost-effectiveness 

There is no doubt that PLCCs are highly cost-efficient. These are also affordable to produce, and their market price often comes under the budget of the buyers. Because of this cost-effectiveness, PLCCs are crucial to consider when you don’t want to disturb the budget and eventually avail of different benefits of PLCCs on all counts. 

PLCC Package vs. LCC package 

You can consider LCC as an upgraded version of PLCC. The reason is that the LCCs are a newer version of their parent chip carrier. These are different from PLCCs in many areas. Due to this reason, it is important to compare them based on different factors to have a better idea about both types on a much deeper level. Make sure to read the differences between PLCCs and LCCs below to have a clear idea bout their nature before using them in your applications as well. 

·       Leaded vs. Leadless 

The basic difference between these two carriers is the absence and presence of lead. It is clear that PLCCs contain lead while LCCs do not. Therefore, their applications are also different as well.

It is important to determine whether you need to go for PLCC or LCC based on the factor of lead. It will be beneficial because inappropriate selection of chip carriers can complicate the process and might cause irreversible damage to the application as well. 

·       Versatility 

LCC packages are also portable, which makes them easy to handle and also much more feasible on all counts. Even for complex applications, LCCs are useful and never compromise the PCBs at all.

From mounting to unmounting, these LCCs are also much more reliable at the same time. Also, for soldering purposes, these LCCs are more reliable than PLCCs without putting you in any hustle at all. 

·       Attachment procedure 

It is important to know the attachment process of both these chip carriers is different. There are many reasons for it, and one of them is their nature. For LCCs, we rely on surface mounting to avoid complications.

We cannot solder the LCCs because their nature is in contrast to this process. Other than this, when it comes to PLCCs, we can go for both soldering and surface mounting to attach them to the sockets. Therefore it is better to use the chip carrier based on the nature of attachment. Or else it can complicate the process on the whole. 

Conclusion 

There is no doubt that both PLCCs and LCCs are in high demand, especially for complex fields like electronics and the PCB industry. Due to this reason, their significance is increasing as the landscape of these chip carriers is changing with time. 

Due to this reason, it is important to have a detailed look at the comparison of these amazing chip carriers. In this way, it will be much easier to select from these chip carriers easily. We hope that now you can easily select from these chip carriers after going through this discussion. 

We have discussed different differences between LCCs and PLCCs for you in this post. Other than this, we have tried to shed light on crucial aspects of both chip carriers so that you can understand their functioning better without facing confusion at all!

We all know that solder wicking is a crucial process in the field of PCB and electronics. We use solder wicking to exclude the extra and unwanted solder from the PCBs. It is a crucial step and needs undivided attention to avoid complications on all counts. Desoldering with this method is much easier and prevents chances of complications at the same time. For reworking, repairing, and maintenance of electronic devices, we need to focus on the crucial aspects of solder wicking for better understanding. 

Understanding Solder Wicking

We use a twisted copper wire to remove the molten solder from the PCBs. Now this wick works equally well on the components and intricate joints present on these boards. We can also consider this method when we don’t want to damage the PCBs due to heat and easily replace them when needed. A steady hand is important to perform solder wicking so that it can give the desired output.

Introducing Chemtronics Solder Wick

Chemotronics has been a flagship solder wick brand for usage. Over the years, this brand has been unbeatable in meeting the commercial needs of solder-wicking on all counts. There are some prominent reasons behind the fame of this brand in the market. Let’s find them out below!

Features of Chemtronics Solder Wick:

• Quality Materials: There is the inclusion of oxygen-free copper, which makes this solder wick highly reliable for specific applications. 
• Flux Formulation: The solder wick is considerable for the flux formulation, which greatly helps with desoldering. Due to this reason, flux formulation is an important feature of this brand. 
• Variety of Sizes: From small to big wicks, you will be able to find a wide range of solder wicks at Chemotronics solder wick. The feature of a variety of sizes is important to give the users freedom in selection. 
• User-Friendly: Chemtronics solder wick is impressive because it is user-friendly. You don’t have to struggle with it all because of its nature. Therefore for complex applications, this wick is helpful. 

Characteristics Of Solder Wicks.

Desoldering wick or solder wick is beneficial for commercial purposes because of its exceptional features. Without these features, we can never rely on a wick for the intricate process of desoldering at all. Therefore, to better understand the significance of these wicks, we should take a look at their benefits as well. 

Benefits of Solder Wicks:

• These wicks are useful because they are not time-consuming in terms of desoldering and removing extra solder, even on complex PCBs. 
• We can ensure complete component protection with the help of these wicks during reworking and repairing. 
• Thorough solder removal is possible by relying on such solder wicks as well. It also does not take much time for this to happen. 
• Pre-soldered components are also easier to remove with solder wicks plus, these keep the boards tidy and never mess them up at all. 
• Soldering wicks always come in different sizes so that we can use them as per our needs and requirements easily. 
• We can rely on the pre-cut strands along with solder wicks to better enhance the efficiency and performance as well. 
• Solder wicks are also affordable and never disturb the budget of a producer when it comes to desoldering at all. 

How To Choose The Correct Desoldering Wick?

Desoldering wicks are readily available in different sizes that can go up to 10 ft; however, in some special cases, when desoldering is important for large PCBs, we can rely on solder wicks of size 500 ft as well. The size of the solder wicks mainly depends on the usage. You need to determine the application and the amount of solder you need to remove before choosing a solder wick. Using a small wick can be too time-consuming for a large PCB. Also, a big solder wick used on a small PCB can not only make the board untidy but also might damage the surrounding components. This can compromise the board, and the need to rework this PCB can arise as well. There are also chances of delamination if we will not use suitable solder wicks in this regard. 

How To Use Soldering Wick?

You already know that using a solder wick is a challenging step. You need to perform desoldering without damaging the surrounding components. Due to this reason, you have to be careful while using the solder wick on all counts. The first thing is to choose the right size of solder wick. For this, you need to determine the solder amount and size of the PCB. Also, the size of the solder wick’s tip matters a lot. Inapprioate solder wick’s tip can ruin the process and might damage the PCB at the same time. Make sure to rely on the suitable flux type of the solder wick to ensure great results as well. 

1. Correct Temperature: You cannot perform desoldering without temperature regulation. The temperature of the soldering iron has to be accurate for this purpose. Inappropriate temperature cannot only melt down the joints and components but also damage the heat-sensitive components of PCBs. Keeping the temperature within 300 degrees and 350 degrees Celcius proves to be effective in this regard. 
2. Soldering Iron Tip Tinned: This is a crucial recommendation to ensure perfect desoldering using a solder wick. The purpose of using a tinned tip is to allow seamless heat transfer between the solder and the braid. If the tip is rightly positioned, there will be a better heat flow which will help in better desoldering on all counts. It is important to note the direction of heat while heating the copper because it will travel upwards. If your hand is in this direction, you might end up burning yourself!
3. Applying Flux: The next thing to do is work on the flux. In the case of an un-fluxed braid, we have to use additional flux for the joints and components. Also, the extra flux will prove to be helpful for the desoldering purpose. Using extra flux is always feasible and speeds up the process when it comes to removing tight joints and components. All of this mainly depends on the type of wick you are using in this regard. 
4. Positioning the Wick: Now it’s time to position the wick over the components that we need to desolder. The temperature of the wick at this point of the process is extremely hot. Therefore it is not recommendable to use bare hands to hold the wick. Use a spool to grab the wick, and if not, then tweezers can also prove to be useful. 
5. Adding the Soldering Iron: We do this by squeezing the soldering iron on the wick. Keep the tip always tilted so that a better connection between the soldering iron and the wick can take place. This step is important because, with this, we can ensure better thermal linkage on the whole. This method is also considerable because desoldering takes place quickly, and also there will be no damage to the PCB and its components at all.
6. Waiting and lifting off: When you are heating the desoldering braid, it is important to note the color change. It will shift from copper to silver and won’t take time for it all. This shows that the braid has completely absorbed the solder. Now the trick is to lift off the soldering iron and the wick together. Not doing this can stick the wick to the board, which can damage the components. Make sure to lift both at the same time to avoid complications.
7. Cutting Off the Utilized Section of Braid: Once a part of the braid is fully absorbed with the solder, you cannot use it further. You need to remove this part with the help of flush cutters. After doing this, you can easily continue with the desoldering as well. This cutting allows you much freedom to resume the desoldering so that there will be no complications and problems at this point at all.
8. Cleaning: It’s time to discard the used braid and clean the PCB as well. It is because any debris and solder buildup can damage the PCBs and might hamper their performance at the same time. You can use a soft fabric for this purpose to gently remove the solder from the work area. 

There is no doubt that soldering wicks have proved to be highly effective in the PCB domain. Producers can remove unwanted solder through these wicks without struggling a bit. However, this is not always handy, and skilled workers are crucial to make this happen easily. Different factors come together to make a good quality soldering wick. Therefore these solder wicks are specific in their purpose. 

Conclusion

Soldering wicks are crucial for the sustenance of the PCB domain. The reason is that without these, it would be highly difficult to remove extra solder from PCBs. In this post, you were able to identify crucial aspects of soldering wicks. From their characteristics to the entire process, you now have a better knowledge of these as well. Hopefully, you can now better avail the feature and benefits of soldering wick for your future projects! 

A Pro Micro is a microcontroller board developed by Sparkfun. The Pro Micro is a costly microcontroller board and as such, clones of this board serve as a lower-cost alternative. This board features a micro USB port which allows testing and programming with a computer.

Although the Arduino Pro Micro is very small, its functions are similar to that of a regular Arduino board. You can use this board in a number of applications. Some projects like USB trackpad, electric bike, USB joystick, and automatic pill dispenser make use of the Pro Micro board. Let’s focus more on the Arduino Pro Micro pin out.

Pro Micro Pinout

All input/output power pins of Pro Micro are in two classes. Some pins are dedicated I/o pins while others are for power output or input. Also, the input/output pins feature some unique characteristics such as analog input.

Functions of each Pro Micro Pinout

Let’s look at the functions of each pin.

Power pins

RST: This can restart the Pro Micro board. RST pins must connect to the ground in order to begin a reset. The microcontroller will be “off” until you pull back the reset line to high.

RAW: This is Pro Micro’s unregulated voltage input. If a USB is powering this board, the voltage of this pin will be around 4.8V. Meanwhile, the applied voltage can be about 12V if the board gets power from an external source.

VCC: The on-board ATmega32U4 has a voltage which is known as VCC. The version of the Pro Micro you are using will determine the voltage. If the version is 5V/16MHz or 3.3V/8MHz, the voltage will be 5V or 3.3V respectively. The voltage used by the RAW pin will regulate this voltage.

GND: This is the ground voltage for this board.

I/O Pins

There are 18 input/output pins in the Pro Micro board. These pins serve several purposes, hence they are multipurpose pins. You can use each pin as a digital output or input, to read button presses, or blink LEDs. Furthermore, you can reference these pins in the Arduino IDE through an integer value between the range of 0 and 21.

Nine out of the 18 pins have analog to digital converters and can serve as analog inputs. These pins are good for reading analog devices or potentiometers. Five pins have pulse width modulation function, which enables a form of analog output. These pins have a white circle around them which helps in identifying them.

Other pins like SPI, UART, I2C are available also. They can interface with digital devices such as IMUs, LCDs, and other serial sensors. The Pro Micro features five external interrupts which enable users to initiate a function when the pin becomes low or high. There is a particular interrupt that is triggered when the interrupt-enable pin attaches to an interrupt.

On-Board LEDs

Pro Micro has three LEDs which display different colors. The red LED shows if power is present, the yellow LED indicates when the Pro Micro is receiving USB data (RX), and the green LED shows outgoing USB data (TX).

How do you Power the Pro Micro?

Since the USB functionality of the Pro Micro board is its main feature, the best way to power it is through USB. We will use the 5V Pro Micro as an example. A USB bus will be powering the 5V Pro Micro and a 3.3V Pro Micro will control the power supply from the USB. You can connect the end of the USB cable to a computer or a USB adapter.

However, if there are no USB cables around, you can use VCC or RAW pins to power your Pro Micro. The RAW pin will regulate the power supply it is receiving to an appropriate operating voltage. This voltage should not be more than 12V to be on the safe side.  Also, it should be 1V more than the operating voltage of the Pro Micro i.e (>4V for a Pro Micro of 3V).

Note that the signal will not regulate when the Pro Micro is powered via the VCC pin. You should only make use of the VCC if there is a regulated 5V or 3.3V to connect it. Overall, the requirements of your project will simply determine how you power it. If your project will be powered by battery, you can use a 3.3V Pro Micro.

Operating Frequency and System Voltage of Pro Micros

Pro Micro vary in terms of operating frequency and system voltage. The 5V Pro Micro has an operating frequency of 16MHz while the 3.3V Pro Micro runs at a frequency of 8MHz. There are some factors that determine the maximum voltage of Sparkfun Pro Micro pinout. One of such factors is the operating voltage. For instance, don’t interface a 3.3V Pro Micro with a project that outputs 5V. 

Arduino Pro Micro Pinout

Digital I/O pins

The Pro Micro has 12 digital I/O pins that can serve as output or input according to the requirement. Digital I/O pins can be ON or OFF. These pins get 5V when they are ON and get 0V whenever they are OFF.

Analog pins

These pins are some of Sparkfun Pro Micro pinout. Analog pins get any values unlike digital pins that have two values.

UART pins

They support UART serial communication with two pins that receive and transmit serial data. UART pins are suitable for transfer of serial data.

PMW pins

There are five different PMW channels on the Pro Micro board. Pro Micro creates analog results when you trigger PMW pins.

SPI pins

Pro Micro has an SPI that helps to layout communication between some peripheral devices and microcontroller.

Is Arduino Pro Micro different from Arduino Micro?

The Arduino Pro Micro and Arduino Micro have Atmega32U4 microcontrollers, their functions differ. Pro Micro doesn’t have an ICSP header and a reset button while Arduino Micro has them. Also, pro Micro has fewer pins compared to Arduino Micro. When using the Pro Micro, the SPI interface can’t be in slave mode. This is because Pro Micro can’t offer AREF.

Conclusion

The Pro Micro pinout includes many pins. Each of these pins has their unique purpose. We hope you understand how these pins work.